Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) fertility treatment

Before ICSI can be carried out, mature eggs must be retrieved from the female partner during a standard stimulated IVF cycle.

After the eggs are collected n theatre, the outer coating of cells (cumulus) is removed from each egg. Only then can we be sure the egg is mature enough to undergo ICSI.

Immature eggs cannot be injected. However, they can be incubated for a further two to six hours and reassessed. If they mature in that time, they can still be injected along with the other mature eggs. You will be notified the following day as to how many eggs from your collection were mature and how many were inseminated.

The male partner’s semen sample is prepared in the lab to isolate healthy, moving sperm for the ICSI procedure. All debris, dead cells and the seminal plasma are removed in this process.

Motile sperm is selected for injection on the basis of their morphology (shape). This visual approach may not necessarily reflect their functionality or ability to fertilise an egg (oocyte). Sperm Slow™ provides a functional test based on the ability of sperm to bind to HA – hydrogel mimicking the natural binding of mature sperm to oocytes in the female.

A very fine special glass instrument (called a holding pipette) is used to hold the egg still. It is so small you can barely see the tip with the naked eye. A thinner, sharp, glass needle-like instrument is used to select and immobilise, then pick up a single sperm.

With great care and precision, the needle is gently inserted through the egg’s outer coating (the zona pellucida) and into the egg itself. The immobilised sperm is then slowly injected into the egg and the needle is carefully removed, leaving the sperm behind inside the egg.

The injected eggs are placed in an incubator overnight and checked the next morning for signs of fertilisation. After an additional 24 hours, we can determine how many have divided and gone on to form embryos.

It is important to note that not all eggs will fertilise, and not all fertilised eggs become embryos. As with standard IVF, the number of embryos replaced into the uterus depends on the woman’s age and medical history. Provided the additional embryos appear healthy, and are progressing at the expected rate of growth, they can be frozen and stored for future use.

Sperm in vivo (in nature) encounters HA in the cervical mucus and in the cumulus matrix surrounding the egg. It is also found at the top of the sperm head. Penetration of the cervical mucus and cumulus matrix by the sperm in vivo is a critical element in successful fertilisation and subsequent embryo implantation (when the fertilised egg attaches to the lining of the uterus). HA is vital in this interaction.

Sperm Slow™ takes advantage of this naturally occurring encounter and allows the embryologist to select HA-bound sperm for injection. By selecting the sperm that is bound and using them for ICSI, the embryologists are preferentially using the better-quality, less DNA fragmented and more mature sperm.

Sperm bound to HA are likely to have less DNA damage and a normal chromosome complement. While there is usually no visible difference at the stage of eggs that fertilise, there is generally better day-3 to day-5 embryo development. Additionally, more blastocysts  (day 5 to day 7 development) are available for vitrification (freezing), and significantly higher ongoing pregnancy rates have been shown for patients using ICSI with Sperm Slow™ compared with standard ICSI, which is why we use it as standard procedure in our labs.

The potential fertility improvement that this type of treatment may yield also depends on the woman’s age, diagnosis and the initial semen assesment, and should be discussed with your specialist.

Please note: Patients using testicular sperm (where most sperm are not progressively motile) and patients with less than 1 million motile sperm in the final sample preparation may be unable to use Sperm Slow™.

ICSI-IVF is recommended for couples who have had poor or no fertilisation during standard IVF, as well as men who have:

• Poor sperm morphology (abnormally shaped sperm).
• Poor sperm motility (slow moving).
• A low sperm count.
• An obstruction such as a vasectomy, which prevents sperm release.
• Antisperm antibodies (antibodies that are produced by the man’s body and may inhibit sperm function).
• A vasectomy reversal that was unsuccessful or resulted in a low sperm count or poor-quality sperm.

For the egg:

As ICSI is more invasive and requires more handling than standard IVF insemination techniques, there is a small chance (less than 2%) that the egg may be damaged during the procedure – resulting in a non-viable egg.

For the resulting child:

Thousands of children around the world have been born as a result of ICSI. So far, there is no convincing evidence that the incidence of birth defects is any different with ICSI or IVF compared with children born to other parents of similar age and health.

The mother’s age at delivery, family history and the presence of pregnancy complications are the most important predictors of newborn health. However, it is possible that a male child born as a result of ICSI might have a fertility problem similar to his father’s.

Other factors to keep in mind

Some men have an acquired cause of their sperm problem that we know will not be hereditary (such as a vasectomy or spinal cord injury). However, other men have sperm problems that may have been present since birth. These may be passed on to the male children due to a small chromosomal rearrangement or a deletion of a small portion of the Y chromosome. Also, men with very low sperm counts or an obstruction in their sperm ducts (vas or epididymis) may carry one of the cystic fibrosis (CF) genes. In this situation, the child may inherit the CF gene and if the female partner also carries one of these genes, there is a chance of producing a child who actually has CF.

Just as the mother’s age influences the risk of birth defects, men with very low sperm counts also have an increased risk of producing a son with an abnormal number of sex chromosomes (XXY or XYY instead of the usual XY). These children have a normal physical appearance and are likely to have normal IQs, but they may develop learning difficulties, behavioural problems or infertility.

Blood tests can screen one or both partners for many (but not all) of these problems, including chromosomal rearrangements and CF carrier status. Genetic testing (amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling) is also available during the pregnancy to look for many of these abnormalities.